An endoscope with a light and camera is inserted to provide real-time internal views on a monitor. Tools can also be passed through the endoscope to take biopsies, remove polyps, or perform other therapeutic interventions.

Procedures are named based on the area of the body they investigate:

• Upper Endoscopy (EGD - Esophagogastroduodenoscopy) : Examines the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It is frequently performed to investigate persistent heartburn, difficulty swallowing, unexplained nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain, and for screening conditions like Barrett's esophagus or stomach ulcers.
• Colonoscopy : Examines the entire length of the large intestine (colon) and the rectum. This procedure is crucial for colorectal cancer screening, investigating symptoms like rectal bleeding or significant changes in bowel habits, and is widely used for the detection and removal of precancerous polyps.
• Sigmoidoscopy (Flexible Sigmoidoscopy) : Examines only the lower part of the large intestine (sigmoid colon) and the rectum. It serves as a less invasive option compared to a full colonoscopy, often used for localized problems in the lower bowel or as an initial screening if a broader examination isn't immediately indicated.
• ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): Combines endoscopy with X-ray imaging to diagnose and treat problems in the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. It is a key procedure for removing gallstones that have migrated into the bile duct, opening narrowed ducts (strictures), or placing stents to ensure proper drainage.
• Capsule Endoscopy : The patient swallows a vitamin-sized capsule containing a tiny camera, which wirelessly transmits thousands of images as it naturally passes through the digestive tract. This non-invasive method is particularly useful for visualizing the hard-to-reach small intestine, aiding in the investigation of unexplained bleeding or diseases like Crohn's.
• Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) : Combines endoscopy with ultrasound technology to obtain highly detailed images of the digestive tract wall and surrounding organs (like the pancreas, bile ducts, and lymph nodes). EUS is invaluable for staging cancers of the GI tract or pancreas, evaluating pancreatic cysts, and can guide fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies for definitive diagnosis
• Enteroscopy : A specialized procedure used to examine deeper into the small intestine beyond what standard upper endoscopes can reach. Types include balloon-assisted enteroscopy, which allows for advanced diagnosis and treatment of lesions or sources of bleeding in the mid-small bowel.

Preparation varies per procedure but commonly includes:

• Fasting : Typically required for 6-12 hours prior to the procedure to ensure a clear view.
• Bowel Preparation : For colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, a specific liquid diet and laxatives are used to thoroughly cleanse the colon.
• Medication Review : Patients are advised to discuss current medications, especially blood thinners, which may need temporary adjustment
• Sedation : Most procedures are performed with some form of sedation (conscious sedation or general anesthesia) to ensure patient comfort and cooperation throughout.

• Pre-Procedure: : After checking in, patients receive detailed instructions, and an IV line is typically started for administering fluids and sedatives.
• During the Procedure : The patient's vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels) are continuously monitored. The endoscope is carefully and gently inserted. The doctor views the internal images on a high-resolution monitor, systematically examining for any abnormalities. Air may be gently insufflated to expand the organ walls for a clearer view. If necessary, biopsies can be collected, or therapeutic interventions performed immediately.
• Post-Procedure : Patients are moved to a recovery area and monitored until the effects of sedation subside. Specific post-procedure care instructions are provided, and initial findings are often discussed immediately, with a detailed follow-up appointment scheduled for complete results.

• Minimally Invasive : Avoids the need for large surgical incisions, resulting in significantly less pain, faster recovery times, and fewer complications compared to traditional open surgery.
• Dual Diagnostic & Therapeutic Capabilities : Provides direct, high-definition visualization for accurate diagnosis and allows for immediate treatment interventions (e.g., polyp removal, control of bleeding, dilation of strictures, foreign body retrieval, or stone extraction from ducts) during the same session.
• High Accuracy & Detail : Offers magnified, detailed views of the mucosal lining and internal structures, which are often superior to many external imaging techniques for assessing subtle changes or superficial lesions.
• Reduced Hospital Stay : The majority of endoscopic procedures are performed on an outpatient basis, allowing patients to return home the same day.

While generally considered very safe, potential risks include:

• Perforation : A rare but serious complication where a small hole is accidentally created in the wall of the organ being examined.
• Bleeding : Particularly after biopsies or polyp removal, usually mild but can sometimes require further intervention.
• Reaction to Sedation : Potential side effects can include nausea, vomiting, or, rarely, respiratory issues.
• Infection : Though uncommon, especially with strict sterilization protocols.
• Temporary Discomfort : Mild sore throat (after upper endoscopy) or abdominal discomfort/bloating are usually temporary.